peer—paralyzed的简单介绍
英语15句句子翻译，请高手帮帮忙最好快一点
1. He was down and out. If he couldn’t get something to do he’d have to commit suicide.
他心情低落。如果他找不到事情可做的话，他会自杀的。
2. The recession has put increasing pressure on the job market, so employment prospects for this year’s graduates are unfortunately grim.
经济萧条给就业带来了越来越大的压力，所以就业前景对于今年的毕业生来说是很灰暗的。
3.If you are aged 18 and in good condition, it is safe to take the medicine.如果你年满18岁并且健康，服用者重要是安全的。
4.Their problems are significant enough to interfere with their ability to function independently.
它们的问题已经严重到影响它们独立工作的能力了。
5. Many students justify their working part time by saying that it eases their economic pressure.
很多学生评论兼职减轻了他们的经济压力。
6. Generally speaking, the contact between developed and underdeveloped worlds has the character of exploitation.
总体来说，发展中地区和发达地区的接触具有剥削的特性。
7. Jenney is a self-conscious girl who might feel uneasy about speaking in the presence of so many strangers.
珍妮是敏感的（羞涩的？）女孩，她对于在那么多陌生人面前讲话感到紧张。
8. When every student imagines that every other student is working harder and doing better, stress is the inevitable result.
当每个学生想象其他学生都在认真学习时，压力就是不可避免的结果。
9. The road ahead is a long one, and it will have more unexpected turns than we think.
前面的路很长，并且它有比我们想象的要多的出其不意的拐弯处。
10. I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure.
我看到当今大学生有四种压力：经济压力，来自父母的压力，同辈的压力，和自我的压力。
11. A career in itself requires one’s life long devotion.
一个职业生涯本身就需要一个人一辈子的付出。
12. It is my firm conviction that violence is never a reasonable solution to conflict
我坚信暴力解决争端从来都是不合理的。
13.They can hardly conceive of a career that was not preplanned.
他们很难想象一个没有预先计划的职业生涯
14. If some groups regard themselves as superior and treat other ethnic groups or religions with disrespect, the whole society may be paralyzed.
如果一些群体认为他们自己比跟优越并且不尊重其他的种族和宗教，整个社会可能将会陷入瘫痪。
15. As far as appearance and manners are concerned, he seems a man all of a piece.
就外表和礼仪(习惯)方面来看，他表里一致。
求关于社会化的英文材料，越多越好
;id=ctOIjOIWOXoCdq=Socialization+printsec=frontcoversource=webots=pX8Cutfrrisig=NIi_XGore-fjYbbBS8NYsyAKeD4
社会化 Socialization
The term socialization is used by sociologists, social psychologists and educationalists to refer to the process of learning one’s culture and how to live within it. For the individual it provides the resources necessary for acting and participating within their society. For the society, inducting all individual members into its moral norms, attitudes, values, motives, social roles, language and symbols is the ‘means by which social and cultural continuity are attained’ (Clausen 1968: 5).
Socialization
Clausen claim that theories of socialization are to be found in Plato, Montaigne and Rousseau and he identifies a dictionary entry from 1828 that defines ‘socialize’ as ‘to render social, to make fit for living in society’ (1968: 20-1). However it was the response to a translation of a paper by George Simmel that brought the term and the idea of acquiring social norms and values into the writing of American sociologists F. P. Giddings and E. A. Ross in the 1890s. In the 1920s the theme of socialization was taken up by Chicago sociologists, including Ernest Burgess, and the process of learning how to be a member of society was explored in the work of Charles Cooley, W. I. Thomas and George Mead. Clausen goes on to track the way the concept was incorporated into various branches of psychology and anthropology (1968: 31-52).
Based on the joint study of Shanta and Narayan, Nepal Institute of Health Science
In the middle of the twentieth century socialization was a key idea in the dominant American functionalist tradition of sociology. Talcott Parsons (Parsons and Bales 1956) and a group of colleagues in the US developed a comprehensive theory of society that responded to the emergence of modernity in which the concept of socialization was a central component. One of their interests was to try to understand the relationship between the individual and society – a distinctive theme in US sociology since the end of the nineteenth century. Ely Chinoy, in a 1960s standard textbook on sociology, says that socialization serves two major functions:
On the one hand, it prepares the individual for the roles he is to play, providing him with the necessary repertoire of habits, beliefs, and values, the appropriate patterns of emotional response and the modes of perception, the requisite skills and knowledge. On the other hand, by communicating the contents of culture from one generation to the other, it provides for its persistence and continuity. (Chinoy, 1961: 75)
For many reasons – not least his excessive approval of modern American life as the model social system and his inability to see how gender, race and class divisions discriminated against individuals in ways that were unjustifiable – Parsonian functionalism faded in popularity in the 1970s. Reacting to the functionalist notion of socialization English sociologist Graham White, writing in 1977 said:
… it is no longer enough to focus on the malleability and passivity of the individual in the face of all powerful social influences. Without some idea about the individual’s own activity in shaping his social experience our perspective of socialisation becomes distorted. (White 1977: 5).
During the last quarter of the twentieth century the concept of ‘socialization’ has been much less central to debates in sociology that have shifted their focus from identifying the functions of institutions and systems to describing the cultural changes of postmodernity. But the idea of socialization has lived on, particularly in debates about the family and education. The institutions of the family or the school are often blamed for their failure to socialize individuals who go on to transgress social norms. On the other hand, it is through a critique of functionalist ideas about socialization that there has been an increasing acceptance of a variety of family forms, of gender roles and an increasing tolerance of variations in the ways people express their social identity.
Forms of socialization
Sociologists may distinguish six kinds of socialization:
Reverse socialization
Developmental socialization
Primary socialization
Secondary socialization
Anticipatory socialization
Resocialization
Primary socialization Primary socialization is the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture.
For example if a child saw their mother expressing a discriminatory opinion about a minority group, then that child may think this behaviour is acceptable and could continue to have this opinion about minority groups.
Secondary socialization Secondary socialization refers to process of learning what is appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. It is usually associated with teenagers and adults, and involves smaller changes than those occurring in primary socialization. eg. entering a new profession, relocating to a new environment or society.
Developmental socialization Developmental socialization is the process of learning behavior in a social institution or developing your social skills.
Anticipatory socialization Anticipatory socialization refers to the processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.
Resocialization Resocialization refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. This occurs throughout the human life cycle (Schaefer Lamm, 1992: 113). Resocialization can be an intense experience, with the individual experiencing a sharp break with their past, and needing to learn and be exposed to radically different norms and values. An example might be the experience of a young man or woman leaving home to join the military.
Agents of Socialization
Agents of socialization are the people and groups that influence our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behavior. (Henslin, 2006)
The Family. Family is responsible for, among other things, determining one's attitudes toward religion and establishing career goals.
The School. The school is the agency responsible for socializing groups of young people in particular skills and values in society.
Peer groups. Peers refer to people who are roughly the same age and/or who share other social characteristics (e.g., students in a college class).
The Mass Media.
Other Agents: Religion, Work Place, The State.
Media and socialization
Theorists like Parsons and textbook writers like Ely Chinoy (1960) and Harry M. Johnson (1961) recognised that socialization didn’t stop when childhood ended. They realized that socialization continued in adulthood, but they treated it as a form of specialised education. Johnson (1961), for example, wrote about the importance of inculcating members of the US Coastguard with a set of values to do with responding to commands and acting in unison without question.
Later scholars accused these theorists of socialization of not recognising the importance of the mass media which, by the middle of the twentieth century were becoming more significant as a social force. There was concern about the link between television and the education and socialization of children – it continues today – but when it came to adults, the mass media were regarded merely as sources of information and entertainment rather than moulders of personality. According to these scholars, they were wrong to overlook the importance of mass media in continuing to transmit the culture to adult members of society.[citation needed]
In the middle of the twentieth century the pace of cultural change was accelerating, yet Parsons and others wrote of culture as something stable into which children needed to be introduced but which adults could simply live within. As members of society we need to continually refresh our ‘repertoire of habits, beliefs, and values, the appropriate patterns of emotional response and the modes of perception, the requisite skills and knowledge’ as Chinoy (1961: 75) put it.
Some sociologists and theorists of culture have recognised the power of mass communication as a socialization device. Dennis McQuail recognises the argument:
… the media can teach norms and values by way of symbolic reward and punishment for different kinds of behaviour as represented in the media. An alternative view is that it is a learning process whereby we all learn how to behave in certain situations and the expectations which go with a given role or status in society. Thus the media are continually offering pictures of life and models of behaviour in advance of actual experience. (McQuail 2005: 494)
Total institutions
The term "total institutions" was coined in 1963 by Erving Goffman, designed to describe a society which is socially isolated but still provides for all the needs of its members. Therefore, total institutions have the ability to resocialize people either voluntarily or involuntarily. For example, the following would be considered as total institutions: prisons, the military, mental hospitals and convents (Schaefer Lamm, 1992: 113).
Goffman lists four characteristics of such institutions:
All aspects of life are conducted in the same place and under the same single authority.
Each phase of a members daily activity is carried out in the immediate company of others. All members are treated alike and all members do the same thing together.
Daily activities are tightly scheduled. All activity is superimposed upon the individual by a system of explicit formal rules.
A single rational plan exists to fulfill the goals of the institution...
Gender socialization and gender roles
Henslin (1999:76) contends that "an important part of socialization is the learning of culturally defined gender roles." Gender socialization refers to the learning of behavior and attitudes considered appropriate for a given sex. Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls. This "learning" happens by way of many different agents of socialization. The family is certainly important in reinforcing gender roles, but so are one’s friends, school, work and the mass media. Gender roles are reinforced through "countless subtle and not so subtle ways" (1999:76).
Resocialization
Resocialization is a sociological concept dealing with the process of mentally and emotionally "re-training" a person so that he or she can operate in an environment other than that which he or she is accustomed to. Resocialization into a total institution involves a complete change of personality. Key examples include the process of resocializing new recruits into the military so that they can operate as soldiers (or, in other words, as members of a cohesive unit) and the reverse process, in which those who have become accustomed to such roles return to society after military discharge.
resocialization
Socialization for animal species
The process of intentional socialization is central to training animals to be kept by humans in close relationship with the human environment, including pets and working dogs.
Ferality
Feral animals can be socialized with varying degrees of success. Feral children are children who lack socially accepted communication skills. Reports of feral children, such as those cited by Kingsley Davis, have largely been shown to be exaggerations, or complete fabrications, with regards to the specific lack of particular skills; for example, bipedalism.
Cats
For example, the cat returns readily to a feral state if it has not been socialized properly in its young life. A feral cat usually acts defensively. People often unknowingly own one and think it is merely "unfriendly."
These cats, if left to proliferate, often become "pests" in populated neighborhoods by decimating the bird population and digging up people's yards. Feral cats are sometimes helpful when used in agriculture to keep rodent and snake populations down. Such cats are often referred to as "barn" cats.
Socializing cats older than six months can be very difficult. It is often said that they cannot be socialized. This is not true, but the process takes two to four years of diligent food bribes and handling, and mostly on the cat's terms. Eventually the cat may be persuaded to be comfortable with humans and the indoor environment.
Kittens learn to be feral either from their mothers or through bad experiences. They are more easily socialized when under six months of age. Socializing is done by keeping them confined in a small room (ie. bathroom) and handling them for 3 or more hours each day. There are three primary methods for socialization, used individually or in combination. The first method is to simply hold and pet the cat, so it learns that such activities are not uncomfortable. The second is to use food bribes. The final method is to distract the cat with toys while handling them. The cat may then be gradually introduced to larger spaces. It is not recommended to let the cat back outside because that may cause it to revert to its feral state. The process of socialization often takes three weeks to three months for a kitten.
Animal shelters either foster feral kittens to be socialized or kill them outright. The feral adults are usually killed or euthanized, due to the large time commitment, but some shelters and vets will spay or neuter and vaccinate a feral cat and then return it to the wild.
Dogs
In domesticated dogs, the process of socialization begins even before the puppy's eyes open. Socialization refers to both its ability to interact acceptably with humans and its understanding of how to communicate successfully with other dogs. If the mother is fearful of humans or of her environment, she can pass along this fear to her puppies. For most dogs, however, a mother who interacts well with humans is the best teacher that the puppies can have. In addition, puppies learn how to interact with other dogs by their interaction with their mother and with other adult dogs in the house.
A mother's attitude and tolerance of her puppies will change as they grow older and become more active. For this reason most experts today recommend leaving puppies with their mother until at least 8 to 10 weeks of age. This gives them a chance to experience a variety of interactions with their mother, and to observe her behavior in a range of situations.
It is critical that human interaction takes place frequently and calmly from the time the puppies are born, from simple, gentle handling to the mere presence of humans in the vicinity of the puppies, performing everyday tasks and activities. As the puppies grow older, socialization occurs more readily the more frequently they are exposed to other dogs, other people, and other situations. Dogs who are well socialized from birth, with both dogs and other species (especially people) are much less likely to be aggressive or to suffer from fear-biting.
References
Chinoy, Ely (1961) Society: An Introduction to Sociology, New York: Random House.
Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialization and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company.
Johnson, Harry M. (1961) Sociology: A Systematic Introduction, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
McQuail, Dennis (2005) McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory: Fifth Edition, London: Sage.
Parsons, Talcott and Bales, Robert (1956) Family, Socialization and Interaction Process, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
White, Graham (1977) Socialisation, London: Longman.
Michael Paul Rhode, Smithsonian Dep. of Anthropology
See also
Internalization
Reciprocal socialization
Social construction
structure and agency
社会化是一个社会学、社会心理学与教育学上的名词，指学习所处文化，并逐渐适应於其中的过程。对个人来说，社会化是学习同时扮演社会上不同的角色的过程。个人社会化会受到地区文化的影响，因个人的成长背景，社会化的过程、内容也会随之改变。
如何实现自己的梦想，英文作文，不要太难！谢谢大家！！！
Everyone has a dream, it is the desire of all. Without the dreamer's life will be empty. But dreams are always with the idea of progress and change. Start Notepad, I have a dream. I wish I had the money, the adults asked: "man, this is a wonderful dream, with the money you are going to do?" " I'm going to buy chocolate, "" If you have a lot of money? "" I will go and buy a lot of chocolate "and" If you do not have the money? "" I'll do buy the chocolate factory. "We did when I was young, innocent, with a good heart, happiness and joy is a constant movement. When I was a child, I have a dream. I wish I could turn into a kite, wanders in the sky, then slowly falling down. Then, like in the green grass and peer play, often chasing blue sky and white clouds, to laugh with fluttering, whole day doing gorgeous colorful dreams. Read, I have a dream. I want to have a basketball; when I hold a basketball, and want a football; when I kick a football, volleyball and became my pursuit. Then one has a dream into a reality, I believe that dreams are actually not far away from me, as long as they play playing baby, dream will be realized. Slowly into the elementary school, middle school, high school .... The more will feel the existence of pressure, thus not a fantasy, I only know that dead reading, not those happy note. Know any better, I have a dream. I hope that every day, don't have a lot of homework to do. Play a little bit of time, and we are denied a days 40% was being detained in the classroom, a lot of time in learning. But the face of learning or a vague understanding. As the saying goes "Bliss", understanding of, and also from feudalism to capitalism, the greater the more feel their views are right. Start up high, I have a dream, I wish I could be a top student, get a lot of merit; home can be your family's praise; in school can be confirmed by the teachers; between the students ' performance can stand out in a crowd; in the eyes of everyone can become a recognized good children. But gradually, I found that to realize this dream and cannot be relied on to play play baby. Later, I learned how to fight. Busy day come home from school, really relaxed, listen to music, eat dinner, back to school. This day is very monotonous, maybe sometimes miss the many friends; sometimes catch, class, or a pair of sleepy eyes. Like fashion school clothing, really wanted to go for a walk at, take a look at. Sunday's are short of time, the child's temper'd committed, slowly understand how hard and dreams is too difficult, it's good I'll try to see everyone in order to live up early to catch the evening, take your no longer loose. Today, I have a dream, I hope that I can pass an Italian University, preferably in Beijing. I as a dream, in high school the dark water jar in search of food, every day, bitter looking to enrich your own food, as a bright future. Dream is like a seed, in the "heart" of the soil, though it is small, it can take root in flower, if there is no dream, just like living in a desolate desert, quiet, no vitality. Have a dream, but also have to pursue, with the goal to have a dream, there will be a driving force. It asks people forward, perhaps the dreams of the road, you will encounter numerous setbacks, but that's OK, fell yourself getting up, as their dreams and go forward, after all, the future is your creation.
2.My dream ended when I was born. Although I never knew it then, I just held on to something that would never come to pass. Dreams really do exist. But in the morning when you wake up, they are remembered just as a dream. That is what happened to me.
I always have the dream to dance like a beautiful ballerina twirling around and around and hearing people applaud for me. When I was young, I would twirling around and around in the fields of wildflowers that grew in my backyard. For hours I would dance as if people were watching me. I would dance so fast that I would forget where I was, until I would hear sounds that reminded me of where I really was. I thought that if I twirled faster everything would disappear and I would wake up in a new place. Reality woke me up when I heard a voice saying, "I don't know why you bother trying to dance. Ballerinas are pretty, slender little girls. Besides, you don't have the talent to even be a ballerina." I remember how those words paralyzed every feeling in my body. I feel to the ground and wept for hours.
We lived in the country by a nearby lake and I would sometimes go there to hide. My parents were never home anyway and I did not like to be at home where I could hear the walls talking of pain. When they were home, my mother just yelled and criticized because nothing was ever perfect in her life. She dreamed of a different life but ended up living in a country far away from the city where she believed her dreams would have come true.I enjoyed hanging out by the water. I would sit there for hours and stare at my reflection. There I was, looked nothing like a pretty ballerina dancer. Reflections don't lie. Once the waves would come, my reflection was gone. Washed away just like my dream to dance. I sat there staring at the water, hoping that my reflection would reappear and be different.
As I grew older, I began to realize that the reason my dream was even born in the first place, was because it was something that was inside of me. The dream I had was never nurtured and cared for, so it slowly died. It's not that I wanted it to die, but I allowed it to die the day I started listening to the words, "You can't do it." When I finally woke up from many years of dreaming, I realized that you can't settle for dancing in the wildflowers, you have to move on to the platform. I still go to the lake sometimes and sit there. Looking at my reflection is different now too. When I was young, I looked at how others saw me, now that I am older and wiser; I look at how God sees me.
求一篇500字英文的《三傻大闹宝莱坞》的电影点评加观后感，谢谢啦！
My favorite one rakugo performer called Russell Peters, he was Canada's second -generation Indian immigrants , specializing in ethnic jokes , and good imitation of various ethnic accents , whether Chinese , Indian or Italian, he be able to find prominent features exaggerated imitation , amused the audience laughed at the recollection I stay distant , while admire his meticulous observation , while Za chronic illnesses of all races . Rusell Peters once worked for the Indian film exaggerated summary , several major points with my impression of the traditional Indian musical really is seamless , and what a poor boy in love with a rich girl ah , breaking caste barriers like elopement . One of the most funny thing is , he said India must have a dance film , but no matter what the story , will suddenly reach a birds do not lay eggs in the wilderness , in the middle tree lone tree , actress hidden behind a tree , with the beat of the music suddenly stuck his head out from the left side of the tree , singing one, drew back , then right probe, repeated several times , then hand- made lotus refers to Alice in the chin , the eyes looked around , fans have come to follow her actor captivated. So , I am also looking forward to watch with such Indian film "Three fool" of . This generally adapted in India bestselling author Qitan · Ba Hate (Chetan Bhagat) debut novel " five o'clock people " (Five Point Someone) really funny story , the name in the "three fools " said is true - in every 42 semester exams , post the standings , fierce competition as well as stubbornly high suicide rate , " Royal Academy of Engineering " , and yet there has been a problem student starts acting strangely like Stephen Chow Rancho (Rancho), he contradict the teacher , challenged tradition, the result is completely seriously, old-fashioned principals "virus" of course, to criticize Rancho follow his roommate and two flanges (Farhran) and Radu (Raju) is a big fool . The maverick Rancho has a spoken language called " all is well " (Aal izz well), the film just right for some dance full interpretation of this critical attitude optimist - if not solve the problem, at least you can calm mood , defeat fear, courage to face the problem increases . I admire the director La Kuma · Xi Lani (Rajkumar Hirani) before and after the scheduling of this dance after each dance has ended surreal lenses are cut back to the story of course , easy to promote the development of the plot ; carnival before the end of the whole sudden a huge contrast from the audience to let emotions cloud slammed relaxing frustrated Unfortunately the bottom, not only increasing the ups and downs of the story itself , and gave the original floating " everything ," added contrast and depth. Bollywood 's narrative technique is not what a catchy title . Compared to the usual Hollywood comedy , "Three fool" grow almost twice as small burden small joke after another, all kinds of small fragments micromanager , but did not test the patience of the audience. I think after this arrangement with the plot and the film as a whole has maintained echoes of "serious ridicule " tone inseparable relationship . The most obvious example is in the introduction Radu family environment , while self-deprecating voice-over says , " like a black and white movie replica of the fifties , small dark room , paralyzed father, cough mother, not yet married sister " while the screen is automatically reduced saturation , intentionally inflicted coarse grain texture old black and white movies . After a long speech to Radu home movies on automatic color to black and white . And whether it is " all right " or "virus power converter " , just in front of some bedding , behind the plot is bound to be used, including Rancho the act of " motorbike bride" , neat , almost delicate. But I think the movie is most deserving of its generous spirit of self-deprecating . Laugh and dance without those remaining will only dry inspirational . Also makes the film out of the self-deprecating realist tone , does not become righteous rhetoric of empty clamor , or else , the pure idealistic talk really difficult to justify. Everyone knows Rancho 're very right, but also knows his life will be a reality everywhere in the snags . Why always the ideal face reality disintegrated ? This is not classified as a lack of passion or simply fearful able to explain everything , and more often, and then singing " everything " Ah Q spirit is just a self- paralysis. Scarcity elders expectations , peer pressure , survival must , opportunities , talent can not find , once again proved to idealistic mavericks who tragic fate ; rather rote model student " silencer " is successful example of public sense. This " model " Perhaps no charisma, lack of innovation , at best, to work only when an emperor ; But in a rich-poor divide serious , most people still struggle to subsistence Third World countries, without first bred fit ideal soil to grow on how to achieve their ambitions naive ah , that is simply an unsuccessful pay the price of that trail ! To survive beyond obstacles , overcoming all obstacles hesitate to pursue the ideal of course epic , but it 's a gray area which must be comparable across the film glossed over a decade of cruel joke much , not necessarily oozes bones , blood and tears can at least . Has been romanticized Hollywood film " The Pursuit of Happyness " (The Pursuit of Happyness) have had to show the hero with young children homeless , sleeping through the toilet , eating low relief in order to seize the opportunity, finally toward success ; "Three fool" a loner struggling hard to ignore altogether , focusing entirely on top of the theory of idealism , no ridicule , not to engage in self-deprecating certainly does not work . Although the film is ultimately an idealistic dream, but it still touches a lot of very thought-provoking social problems , including high suicide rate in India , the brain drain , rote teaching methods and school social division of labor and employment options for single scarce. These social problems faced by India and China is quite the intersection , which is why I have deep experience before this " mighty force in single " academic pressure would be quite resonate with Chinese audiences . Near the end of the movie there is a place that I was an accident : All the principals Rancho hated "virus" in stormwater admonish him in all earnestness , " You can not always right ." Although the film can not really go in the direction of realism , but at least , it is quite rare sincere honesty . Rancho is a maverick in the film 's only live virtual characters , but he represents the courage and perseverance share idealism still awesome. He is Yeats in " When You Are Old " in the whole-hearted love " pilgrim soul ." I would like to see him fame married, finally Outrageous , even if all this is really only a dream.
